What Is the Impact of ChatGPT on Education? A Rapid Review of the Literature

Figure 1 shows that 50 and 367 outcomes were retrieved through the database search and Google Scholar, respectively. Due to duplication across databases and Google Scholar, some of the articles were removed, yielding 363 unique records for screening. Notably, many records retrieved were outside the scope of this review, including articles from mass and social media found by Google Scholar. After reviewing the unique records’ titles, abstracts, and publication sources, 55 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Five articles were then excluded: (1) two articles that were not related to education, (2) one preprint article that was incomplete, and (3) two articles that were literature reviews. However, some of the excluded articles were used as background references. Ultimately, 50 articles [8,10,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67] were selected for synthesis. The list of the included articles is provided in the Supplementary Materials. Figure 1 provides an overview of the article selection process.

As shown in Figure 2, the majority of the included articles were written by researchers from the United States (N = 19), followed by the United Kingdom (N = 4) and Austria (N = 3). Figure 3 shows that 16 of the 50 included articles (32%) were published in journals, and two were published as an eBook (2%) and report (2%), respectively. The remaining 32 articles (64%) were preprints uploaded on SSRN [68] (N = 12), followed by arXiv [69] (N = 7) and ResearchGate [70] (N = 5), among others.